The role of the International Maritime Organization in reducing vessel threat to whales: Process,options, action and effectiveness     

Gregory K. Silber  Angelia S.M. Vanderlaan  Ana Tejedor Arceredillo  Lindy Johnson  Christopher T. Taggart  Moira W. Brown  Shannon Bettridge  Ricardo Sagarminaga 《Marine Policy》2012

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Inversion of two-dimensional tidal open boundary conditions of M<Subscript>2</Subscript> constituent in the Bohai and Yellow Seas     

曹安州  郭筝  吕咸青 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2012,30(5):868-875

Two-dimensional tidal open boundary conditions of the M2 constituent in the Bohai and Yellow Seas(BYS) have been estimated by assimilating T/P altimeter data.During inversion,independent point(IP) strategy was used,in which several IPs on the open boundary is assumed,values at these IPs can be optimized with an adjoint method,and those at other grid points are determined by linearly interpolating the values at IPs.The reasonability and feasibility of the model are tested by ideal twin experiments.In the practical experiment(PE) after assimilation,the cost function may reach 1% or less of its initial value.Mean absolute errors in amplitude and phase can be less than 5 cm and 5°,respectively,and the obtained co-chart can show the character of the M2 constituent in the BYS.The results of the PE indicate that using only two IPs on the open boundary can yield better simulated results.  相似文献   

吕宋海峡附近中尺度涡特征的统计分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

林宏阳  胡建宇  郑全安 《海洋学报》2012,34(1):1-7

采用1993年1月到2008年12月16a融合海面高度距平数据,追踪吕宋海峡附近海域(18°～23°N,116°～126°E)中尺度涡的移动轨迹,结果表明:时间分辨率为7d的卫星高度计资料难以观测到中尺度涡从西北太平洋通过吕宋海峡传进南海的过程,但对1994年吕宋海峡中部观测到的一个气旋涡及其附近中尺度涡的运动轨迹进行分析可见,西北太平洋海面高度变化会与吕宋海峡内部海面高度耦合后向南海传播。海面高度距平数据的时间-经度图表明,西北太平洋海面高度变化信号在西传至吕宋海峡附近(121°～122°E)时出现信号不连续。对21°N,116°～140°E断面的海面高度距平数据按周期分别为1～3月、3～6月、330～390d(年信号)进行分段带通滤波,发现不同周期的西北太平洋信号穿过吕宋海峡传入南海受到的阻隔作用、向西传播的速度以及它们所受的强迫机制均不同。  相似文献   

The comparison of altimeter retrieval algorithms of the wind speed and the wave period   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0  

ZHAO Dongliang  LI Shuiqing  SONG Chaoyang 《海洋学报(英文版)》2012,31(3):1-9

With the launch of altimeter,much effort has been made to develop algorithms on the wind speed and the wave period.By using a large data set of collocated altimeter and buoy measurements,the typical wind speed and wave period algorithms are validated.Based on theoretical argument and the concept of wave age,a semi-empirical algorithm for the wave period is also proposed,which has the wave-period dimension,and explicitly demonstrates the relationships between the wave period and the other variables.It is found that Ku and C band data should be applied simultaneously in order to improve either wind speed or wave period algorithms.The dual-band algorithms proposed by Chen et al.(2002) for the wind speed and Quilfen et al.(2004) for the wave period perform best in terms of a root mean square error in the practical applications.  相似文献   

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刘颖  刘根友  陈晓峰  郝晓光  施柏山  胡小刚 《大地测量与地球动力学》2012,32(3):72-75

????????????????????????壬?????RDSS???????λ????桢???????????????????ü?????????????????RDSS??????Χ?????????????????IGSO???????RDSS????????????????????????RDSS????????????????  相似文献   

COSMIC数据验证AMSU平流层低层观测的初步分析结果   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

何文英  陈洪滨 《地球物理学报》2009,52(12):2951-2957

基于Global Positioning System (GPS)掩星数据在平流层具有较高准确性、稳定性的优势,本文尝试用新一代GPS掩星观测——the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC)资料验证不同卫星平台上先进的微波探测仪（AMSU）的平流层观测结果.通过COSMIC大气温度廓线与AMSU辐射传输模式结合,得到模拟亮温,然后与AMSU平流层观测进行匹配比较.分析表明GPS掩星数据能够作为一个相对独立的参量检验NOAA15、16、18卫星平台内部的偏差.通过一年数据的比较验证,初步显示不同卫星平台的AMSU观测亮温在平流层低层都偏低,并且NOAA18平台的亮温偏低程度明显大于NOAA15、16.AMSU亮温偏差在极地冬季较为显著,尤其南极地区NOAA18的偏差幅度达到1.8 K.结合24小时内AMSU观测亮温偏差变化及其样本分布特征,可以看到明显的太阳辐射差异可能是导致AMSU观测亮温在极地偏差显著的主要原因.  相似文献   

遥感估算降水在西藏高原中的应用研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王敏  周才平  吴良  张戈丽  欧阳华 《高原气象》2012,31(5):1215-1224

采用遥感估算降水模型RFE 2.0(Rainfall Estimation Algorithm Version 2)模拟了2009年西藏高原的区域降水,并结合该地区气象站降水观测资料分别从日、月、年尺度上评价了该模型在西藏高原降水估算中的适用性,最后通过系数校正分析了2009年8月西藏高原降水量和年降水量的分布格局。结果表明,RFE2.0模型日降水量模拟值与观测值的相关系数在0.40以上的测站占46%,变化趋势较一致,但在日降水量较小时(接近零)模拟结果不稳定,在降水量较大时(>15mm)模拟结果一般会偏低;月平均降水量模拟结果与观测结果的相关系数在0.80以上的测站占62%,模拟结果较好地反映了观测结果的变化趋势,但个别月份的模拟结果会出现偏差。雨季降水量的模拟结果明显好于干季,为进一步提高模拟精度,确定雨季校正系数为1.133,干季校正系数为1.265;年尺度上降水量的模拟值与观测值的相关系数为0.368(P=0.026)。整体来看,遥感估算降水模型(RFE2.0)模拟的西藏高原降水结果较好,可为西藏高原降水模拟提供借鉴和参考。  相似文献   

地区级旅游卫星帐户构建的国际经验及启示     

薛莹 《世界地理研究》2012,(3):127-133

地区级旅游卫星帐户(R-TSA)的构建在世界范围内普遍面临着机构、统计、框架、方法等方面的障碍。有些国家已经在R-TSA的数据收集、统计体系规范、TSA框架构建、影响效应估算等方面进行了一些探索和试验,以丹麦、安达卢西亚、澳大利亚的R-TSA的编制实践为例,探讨其经验与不足,并总结提炼出其对中国省市自治区级旅游卫星帐户的编制启示。  相似文献   

卫星和雷达资料在暴雨数值预报中的应用研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

王雪莲  李英华  刘丽丽  邱晓滨  陈靖  解以扬 《气象与环境学报》2015,31(1):14-19

采用美国风暴分析预报中心开发的中尺度模式（Advanced Regional Prediction System,ARPS）的资料分析系统ADAS（ARPS Data Analysis System）,把中国CINRAD/SA、SB多普勒雷达反射率、风云-2E卫星的红外和可见光资料引入模式初始场,利用高分辨率中尺度模式WRF对2012年7月21日中国华北地区暴雨过程进行数值模拟。结果表明：加入雷达和卫星资料的WRF数值模拟,由于修正了中低层水汽,对降水系统预报有一定的调整,预报的降水落区位置和降水量中心值更接近实况;同时加入卫星和雷达资料同化后,明显改善了WRF降水系统预报偏慢的情况。雷达与卫星资料同化对WRF模式降水预报影响不同,雷达资料影响的时间短,只在6 h内预报起作用,而卫星资料影响时间较长,能够改善24 h内的预报。加入卫星和雷达资料,修正了水汽场,使降水预报在开始时间、量级和范围上均有改善,更接近实况。  相似文献   

Position and velocity perturbations for the determination of geopotential from space geodetic measurements   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  

Peiliang Xu 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》2008,100(3):231-249

Although space geodetic observing systems have been advanced recently to such a revolutionary level that low Earth Orbiting (LEO) satellites can now be tracked almost continuously and at the unprecedented high accuracy, none of the three basic methods for mapping the Earth’s gravity field, namely, Kaula linear perturbation, the numerical integration method and the orbit energy-based method, could meet the demand of these challenging data. Some theoretical effort has been made in order to establish comparable mathematical modellings for these measurements, notably by Mayer-Gürr et al. (J Geod 78:462–480, 2005). Although the numerical integration method has been routinely used to produce models of the Earth’s gravity field, for example, from recent satellite gravity missions CHAMP and GRACE, the modelling error of the method increases with the increase of the length of an arc. In order to best exploit the almost continuity and unprecedented high accuracy provided by modern space observing technology for the determination of the Earth’s gravity field, we propose using measured orbits as approximate values and derive the corresponding coordinate and velocity perturbations. The perturbations derived are quasi-linear, linear and of second-order approximation. Unlike conventional perturbation techniques which are only valid in the vicinity of reference mean values, our coordinate and velocity perturbations are mathematically valid uniformly through a whole orbital arc of any length. In particular, the derived coordinate and velocity perturbations are free of singularity due to the critical inclination and resonance inherent in the solution of artificial satellite motion by using various types of orbital elements. We then transform the coordinate and velocity perturbations into those of the six Keplerian orbital elements. For completeness, we also briefly outline how to use the derived coordinate and velocity perturbations to establish observation equations of space geodetic measurements for the determination of geopotential.  相似文献